/* Reference-led visual layer: all original research and copy retained. */
:root{--ivory:#fdfdfc;--cream:#f2f4f4;--ink:#172027;--espresso:#293239;--walnut:#f1f3f3;--walnut-light:#e6ebed;--oxblood:#536b79;--rust:#586f7c;--olive:#5d6e70;--brass:#8398a4;--taupe:#a3adb1;--limestone:#c6cdd0;--muted:#6c747b;--line:#dce0e1;--space-section:clamp(52px,6vw,88px);--serif:"Iowan Old Style","Baskerville","Palatino Linotype","Book Antiqua",Georgia,serif;}
body{background:#fdfdfc;color:var(--ink);}
.wrap{width:min(calc(100% - 112px),1280px);}
h1,h2,h3{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:400;letter-spacing:-.028em;}
.site-header,.site-header.scrolled{background:rgba(253,253,252,.97);box-shadow:none;}
.nav{min-height:86px;gap:34px;border-bottom:0;}
.brand{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:.13em;}
.brand-tail{color:inherit;font-size:.8em;}
.nav-main{gap:30px;}
.nav-main a,.language-switch a{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:.96rem;}
.menu-toggle{display:none;}
.hero.wrap{width:100%;max-width:1600px;min-height:680px;padding:90px max(56px,calc((100% - 1280px)/2)) 0;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:stretch;position:relative;isolation:isolate;overflow:hidden;background:#e9eef0;}
.hero-heading,.hero-copy,.hero-bottom{position:relative;z-index:2;}
.hero-heading{align-self:auto;max-width:760px;}
.hero h1{font-size:clamp(3.2rem,4.7vw,4.9rem);line-height:1.08;letter-spacing:-.038em;margin:22px 0 20px;text-shadow:0 1px 22px rgba(255,255,255,.4);}
.hero h1 span{color:inherit;}
.hero .eyebrow{color:#50616c;font-size:.67rem;letter-spacing:.17em;}
.hero-copy{align-self:auto;max-width:640px;padding-bottom:60px;}
.hero .lede{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:clamp(1.2rem,1.65vw,1.55rem);line-height:1.5;color:#293239;max-width:32ch;}
.hero-bilingual{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.05rem;line-height:1.9;margin-top:28px;max-width:520px;color:#36444c;}
.hero-bilingual:before{content:"";display:block;width:38px;height:1px;background:#657782;margin-bottom:20px;}
.hero-actions{margin-top:24px;gap:24px;}
.hero .action,.hero .action.primary{background:transparent;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #8b9aa3;border-radius:0;color:#273741;padding:4px 0;min-height:44px;font-size:.8125rem;}
.hero-bottom{margin-top:auto;border-top:1px solid rgba(79,100,115,.25);font-size:.65rem;color:#344852;padding:14px 0;}
.hero .math-field{position:absolute;inset:0;z-index:-1;width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;max-width:none;background:linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(255,255,255,.5),rgba(255,255,255,0) 72%),url('/assets/mist-field.webp') center 60%/cover no-repeat;}
.hero .math-field .plot{display:none;}
.hero .field-coordinate{position:absolute;right:40px;top:20px;color:#677d89;font-size:.6rem;opacity:.6;}
.hero .math-field figcaption{position:absolute;bottom:73px;right:40px;left:auto;width:auto;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:.65rem;color:#344852;display:flex;gap:18px;}
.hero .math-field #motion-toggle{font-size:.65rem;color:inherit;}
.visual-signature{position:absolute;bottom:116px;right:40px;text-align:right;font: .64rem/1.7 var(--serif);letter-spacing:.2em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#526a78;}
.editorial-wave{position:absolute;width:106%;height:50%;bottom:0;left:-3%;opacity:.35;animation:field-breathe 14s ease-in-out infinite alternate;pointer-events:none;}
@keyframes field-breathe{from{transform:translateY(0) scaleY(1);}to{transform:translateY(12px) scaleY(1.045);opacity:.65;}}
.motion-paused .editorial-wave{animation-play-state:paused;}
.latest{padding-block:42px 52px;}
.latest-heading{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:24px;margin-bottom:24px;}
.latest-heading h2{font-size:2.1rem;}
.latest-heading .text-link{font: .88rem var(--serif);display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;min-height:44px;}
.latest-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr));gap:28px;}
.latest-card{min-width:0;}
.latest-image{display:block;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:17px;background:#e7ebed;}
.latest-image img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;aspect-ratio:1.28;object-fit:cover;transition:transform .6s;}
.latest-card:first-child .latest-image img{object-position:70% 65%;}
.latest-image:hover img{transform:scale(1.035);}
.latest-copy .eyebrow{font: .64rem/1.5 var(--sans);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.13em;color:#293239;margin-bottom:8px;}
.latest-copy h3{font-size:1.3rem;line-height:1.25;margin-bottom:10px;}
.latest-copy h3 a:hover{color:#536b79;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:4px;}
.latest-excerpt{font:1rem/1.45 var(--serif);color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:14px;}
.latest-copy time,.latest-copy>span{font: .78rem/1.5 var(--serif);letter-spacing:.025em;color:var(--muted);}
.thesis{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-block:45px 52px;gap:44px;}
.thesis h2{font-size:clamp(2rem,3vw,3rem);}.thesis h2 em{color:var(--ink);}
.thesis-copy{margin-top:24px;}.thesis-copy p:first-child{font:1.1rem/1.6 var(--serif);color:var(--muted);}
.research .section-head{border-top:0;padding-top:0;}
.research .section-head h2{font-size:clamp(2.4rem,4vw,3.6rem);}
.section-intro,.abstract,.domain-intro,.about-copy,.system-intro,.practice-list p{font-family:var(--serif);}
.research-entry.featured{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);}
.featured .entry-main h3,.entry-main h3{color:var(--ink);font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.9rem;}
.research-entry .abstract{color:var(--muted);}.research-filters button[aria-pressed="true"]{color:var(--ink);border-color:var(--ink);}
.domains-wrap,.about-wrap{background:#f3f5f5;color:var(--ink);}
.domains .eyebrow,.domains h2,.domain-list h3,.domain-list p,.about-wrap h2,.about-wrap p{color:inherit;}
.domain-card,.domain-list article,.practice-list>div{border-color:var(--line);}
.site-footer{background:#fdfdfc;color:var(--ink);border-top:1px solid var(--line);}
.site-footer .brand,.footer-contact>a,.footer-links a{color:var(--ink);}
.site-footer p,.footer-base,.site-footer .eyebrow{color:var(--muted);}
.footer-main,.footer-links,.footer-base{border-color:var(--line);}
.ideas-entry{padding-block:40px;}.ideas-field img{content:url('/assets/mist-field.webp');mix-blend-mode:normal;opacity:1;aspect-ratio:1.5;object-fit:cover;}
.ideas-question h2 em,.idea-heading h1 em{color:var(--ink);}
.idea-heading{position:relative;}.idea-landscape img{mix-blend-mode:normal;}.idea-prose strong{color:#344f60;}
.idea-prose{color:#293239;}.idea-next>p+p{color:#526570;}
@media(max-width:1000px){.wrap{width:calc(100% - 72px);}.hero.wrap{padding-inline:36px;min-height:670px;}.nav{gap:24px;}.nav-main{gap:22px;}.latest-grid{gap:20px;}.latest-copy h3{font-size:1.18rem;}.latest-excerpt{font-size:.94rem;}.hero .math-field figcaption{right:30px;bottom:68px;}.visual-signature{right:30px;}}
@media(max-width:819px){
.nav{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;min-height:78px;padding-block:10px;gap:12px;}.brand{margin-right:auto;}.language-switch,.idea-home-zh{order:1;}.menu-toggle{order:2;}.nav-main{order:3;flex-basis:100%;justify-content:space-between;}.editorial-js .menu-toggle{display:inline-flex;width:44px;height:44px;flex-direction:column;gap:6px;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background:transparent;border:0;}.menu-toggle span{width:19px;height:1px;background:var(--ink);}.editorial-js .nav-main{display:none;}.editorial-js .nav-main.is-open{display:flex;}.latest-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:36px 24px;}.hero h1{font-size:3.7rem;}
}
@media(max-width:639px){
.wrap{width:calc(100% - 44px);}.nav{min-height:72px;padding-block:8px;gap:4px;}.brand{font-size:.88rem;letter-spacing:.1em;}.brand-tail{font-size:.72em;}.language-switch a{min-width:34px;font: .72rem var(--sans);}.language-switch a[aria-current],.language-switch>span{display:inline-flex;}.language-switch>span{font-size:.65rem;}.idea-home-zh{font-size:.7rem;}.editorial-js .menu-toggle{width:36px;}.nav-main a{font-size:.86rem;}
.hero.wrap{min-height:635px;padding:44px 24px 0;}.hero-heading{max-width:100%;}.hero h1{font-size:clamp(2.45rem,9.6vw,3.35rem);line-height:1.13;margin-block:16px 18px;letter-spacing:-.03em;}.hero .lede{font-size:1.13rem;line-height:1.6;max-width:29ch;}.hero-copy{padding-bottom:130px;}.hero-bilingual{font-size:.9rem;line-height:1.8;margin-top:24px;max-width:30ch;}.hero-bilingual:before{margin-bottom:18px;}.hero-actions{margin-top:20px;gap:20px;}.hero .action,.hero .action.primary{font-size:.73rem;padding:2px 0;gap:14px;}.hero-bottom{font-size:.55rem;padding-block:12px;margin-top:auto;}.hero .math-field{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(255,255,255,.2),transparent 60%),url('/assets/mist-field.webp') 67% bottom/auto 100% no-repeat;background-color:#eef2f4;}.hero .field-coordinate{display:none;}.hero .math-field figcaption{bottom:51px;left:24px;right:24px;font-size:.55rem;justify-content:space-between;gap:8px;}.hero .math-field #motion-toggle{font-size:.55rem;}.visual-signature{bottom:82px;right:24px;font-size:.55rem;}.editorial-wave{height:33%;}.hero .eyebrow{font-size:.57rem;letter-spacing:.14em;}
:lang(zh-Hans) .hero h1{font-size:2.45rem;line-height:1.25;}:lang(zh-Hans) .hero .lede{max-width:24ch;font-size:1.08rem;}:lang(zh-Hans) .hero-bilingual{font-size:.95rem;max-width:34ch;}
.latest{padding-block:30px 36px;}.latest-heading{margin-bottom:20px;}.latest-heading h2{font-size:1.8rem;}.latest-heading .text-link{font-size:.75rem;gap:10px;}.latest-grid{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:26px;}.latest-card{display:grid;grid-template-columns:96px minmax(0,1fr);gap:18px;align-items:start;}.latest-image{margin:0;}.latest-image img{aspect-ratio:.86;min-height:112px;}.latest-copy .eyebrow{font-size:.57rem;margin-bottom:5px;}.latest-copy h3{font-size:1.07rem;line-height:1.25;margin-bottom:7px;}.latest-excerpt{font-size:.91rem;line-height:1.35;margin-bottom:8px;}.latest-copy time,.latest-copy>span{font-size:.72rem;}
.thesis.wrap{width:calc(100% - 44px);margin-top:0;padding:30px 0 38px;background:transparent;color:var(--ink);border-top:1px solid var(--line);gap:18px;}.thesis>.eyebrow{color:var(--muted);}.thesis h2{font-size:2.3rem;}.thesis h2 em{color:var(--ink);}.thesis .thesis-copy p:first-child{color:var(--muted);font-size:1rem;}.thesis-copy{margin-top:20px;}
.research .section-head{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:28px;}.section-head h2{font-size:2.3rem;}.research-filters button{background:#f0f2f3;color:var(--muted);font-size:.75rem;}.research-filters button[aria-pressed="true"]{background:#344d5c;color:white;border-bottom-color:#344d5c;}.research-entry.featured{padding-block:24px;}.featured .entry-main h3,.entry-main h3{font-size:1.7rem;}.research-entry .abstract{font-size:1.05rem;}.research-entry .entry-meta{border-color:var(--line);}.entry-links .text-link{color:#435f70;text-decoration-color:var(--taupe);}.ideas-question h2{font-size:2rem;}.ideas-label{gap:10px;}.ideas-label>p+p{font-size:.72rem;}
.idea-heading h1{font-size:2.8rem;}.idea-landscape img{height:165px;object-fit:cover;}.idea-prose{font-size:1.15rem;}.site-footer{padding-top:36px;}
}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.editorial-wave{animation:none!important;}.latest-image img{transition:none;}}

/* v3: living wave field and editorial card finish. */
.hero .math-field{z-index:0;pointer-events:none;}
.hero .editorial-wave{animation:none;width:104%;left:-2%;height:56%;bottom:6%;opacity:.85;filter:drop-shadow(0 1px 2px rgba(53,83,101,.15));}
.hero-visual-caption{position:absolute;z-index:4;bottom:58px;right:40px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:18px;color:#3d5563;font-size:.64rem;}
.hero-visual-caption #motion-toggle{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;min-height:44px;padding:0 10px;border:1px solid rgba(105,131,146,.3);border-radius:2px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.65);color:#334b5a;font-size:.68rem;backdrop-filter:blur(8px);}
.latest-grid{gap:24px;align-items:stretch;}
.latest-card{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;border:1px solid #e0e5e7;background:linear-gradient(145deg,#fff,#fafbfb);box-shadow:0 3px 12px rgba(43,61,72,.025);transition:transform .45s ease,box-shadow .45s ease,border-color .45s ease;}
.latest-image{position:relative;margin:0;isolation:isolate;}
.latest-image img{aspect-ratio:1.3;transition:transform 1.2s cubic-bezier(.2,.65,.3,1),filter 1s ease;filter:saturate(.76);}
.latest-image:after{content:'↗';position:absolute;z-index:2;right:13px;bottom:13px;display:grid;place-items:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.7);border-radius:50%;background:rgba(255,255,255,.78);color:#334d5d;font:1rem var(--sans);opacity:0;transform:translateY(5px);transition:opacity .3s ease,transform .3s ease;}
.latest-copy{display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex:1;padding:21px 19px 22px;}
.latest-copy .eyebrow{font-size:.6rem;letter-spacing:.16em;margin-bottom:11px;color:#506472;}
.latest-copy h3{font-size:1.32rem;line-height:1.28;margin-bottom:12px;}
.latest-copy .latest-excerpt{font-size:.98rem;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:20px;color:#717b81;}
.latest-copy>time,.latest-copy>span{margin-top:auto;padding-top:14px;border-top:1px solid #e4e8ea;font-size:.73rem;}
.latest-card:first-child{border-color:#c3cfd5;}
.latest-card:first-child .latest-copy{background:linear-gradient(145deg,#f8fafb,#fff);}
.latest-card:first-child .eyebrow{color:#3f6175;}
.latest-card:focus-within{border-color:#8ba1ae;box-shadow:0 9px 26px rgba(47,69,81,.09);}
.latest-card:focus-within .latest-image:after{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);}
@media(hover:hover) and (pointer:fine){
 .latest-card:hover{transform:translateY(-5px);border-color:#a8bbc5;box-shadow:0 16px 34px rgba(47,69,81,.1);}
 .latest-card:hover .latest-image img{transform:scale(1.055);filter:saturate(.95);}
 .latest-card:hover .latest-image:after{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);}
}
@media(max-width:1000px){.latest-copy{padding:18px 15px;}.latest-copy h3{font-size:1.2rem;}}
@media(max-width:639px){
 .hero .editorial-wave{height:40%;bottom:7%;opacity:.92;}
 .hero-visual-caption{left:24px;right:24px;bottom:43px;justify-content:space-between;gap:8px;font-size:.54rem;}
 .hero-visual-caption #motion-toggle{font-size:.6rem;padding-inline:9px;}
 .latest-grid{gap:17px;}
 .latest-card{display:grid;grid-template-columns:100px minmax(0,1fr);gap:0;background:#fff;box-shadow:0 2px 8px rgba(43,61,72,.025);}
 .latest-image{height:100%;min-height:145px;}
 .latest-image img{height:100%;min-height:145px;aspect-ratio:auto;object-fit:cover;}
 .latest-image:after{opacity:1;transform:none;width:25px;height:25px;right:8px;bottom:8px;font-size:.8rem;}
 .latest-copy{padding:15px 13px;min-width:0;}
 .latest-copy .eyebrow{font-size:.53rem;letter-spacing:.12em;margin-bottom:7px;}
 .latest-copy h3{font-size:1.08rem;line-height:1.27;margin-bottom:8px;}
 .latest-copy .latest-excerpt{font-size:.86rem;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:12px;}
 .latest-copy>time,.latest-copy>span{padding-top:9px;font-size:.67rem;}
 .latest-card:first-child{grid-template-columns:112px minmax(0,1fr);}
 .latest-card:first-child .latest-image{min-height:177px;}
}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.latest-card,.latest-image img,.latest-image:after{transition:none!important;}.latest-card:hover{transform:none;}.latest-card:hover .latest-image img{transform:none;}}